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Exam 7: States of Consciousness

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Question 161

Multiple Choice

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Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

A) so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
B) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned.
C) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.
D) of all of these reasons.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Question 162

Multiple Choice

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A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable number of responses has been made.
C) specified number of responses has been made.
D) unpredictable time period has elapsed.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Question 163

Multiple Choice

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Primary reinforcers could best be described as

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

Birds appear to be biologically predisposed to develop aversions to the ________ of tainted food.

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Receiving money as a reward and having a monetary fine suspended are both ________ reinforcers.

Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.