Question 1

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

Accepted Answer

A)  The bicarbonate of sodium bicarbonate binds to hydrogen atoms in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH while neutralizing acid.
B)  The sodium of sodium bicarbonate binds to OH⁻ in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH, neutralizing acid.
C)  NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate) dissociates into Na⁺ + HCO₃⁻. Then, HCO₃⁻ breaks down into  H⁺, CO₂, and C.
D)  NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate) dissociates into  Na⁺ and H₂CO₃. Then, H₂CO₃ breaks down into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 2

A person usually drinks about ________ milliliters a day.

Accepted Answer

A)  500
B)  1,000
C)  1,500
D)  2,500E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

Accepted Answer

A)  they occur closest to the skin.
B)  they are slow and prolonged.
C)  they occur in everyone.
D)  they are fast.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 4

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  prolonged vomiting of only stomach contents.
B)  respiratory obstructions.
C)  pneumonia.
D)  prolonged diarrhea.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stunted growth due to constant osteoclast stimulation and release of calcium from bones
B)  Cardiac arrhythmia caused by lack of calcium
C)  High concentration of calcium excreted in the urine
D)  High plasma phosphate concentrationE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

Hyperventilation leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory acidosis.
B)  respiratory alkalosis.
C)  metabolic acidosis.
D)  metabolic alkalosis.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 7

A nurse is administering a high-concentration potassium solution to a patient with a diet-based potassium deficiency. Unaware of the initial treatment, another nurse administers a drug that inhibits secretion of aldosterone to treat the same deficiency. Which of the following conditions will most likely occur as a result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypokalemia
B)  Hypocalcemia
C)  Hypercalcemia
D)  HyperkalemiaE) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 8

One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl) are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Six osmoles per liter
B)  Three osmoles per liter
C)  Four osmoles per liter
D)  Five osmoles per literE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

Accepted Answer

A)  1%.
B)  10%.
C)  25%.
D)  58%.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Which of the following can be associated with hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothermia
B)  Low levels of ADH
C)  Hot skin, lack of sweating, and kidney failure
D)  Extreme retention of waterE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 11

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH⁻.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following examples has a low water content?

Accepted Answer

A)  The intracellular environment
B)  Adipose tissue
C)  The biceps brachii muscle
D)  The vitreous humor of the eyeE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Removing the parathyroid glands
B)  Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts
C)  Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys
D)  Avoiding foods that are high in calciumE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 14

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plasma
B)  Lymph
C)  Interstitial fluid
D)  Transcellular fluidE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Distension of her stomach by the loss of blood will trigger thirst.
B)  Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and make her feel thirsty.
C)  Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and stop her from feeling thirsty.
D)  The renin-angiotensin system will release hormones to stop her from feeling thirsty.E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

A doctor is trying to help a woman get rid of arsenic found in her system. One way to do this is to force it to be excreted quickly in the urine. To promote this, the doctor should give her

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH.
B)  angiotensinogen.
C)  renin.
D)  a diuretic.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 20

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and ________ ducts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The volume of urine produced is regulated...

Exam 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

Correct Answer
verified

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

Correct Answer
verified

Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism?

Correct Answer
verified

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and ________ ducts.

Correct Answer
verified

One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl) are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution?

Correct Answer
verified

Hyperventilation leads to

Correct Answer
verified

A doctor is trying to help a woman get rid of arsenic found in her system. One way to do this is to force it to be excreted quickly in the urine. To promote this, the doctor should give her

Correct Answer
verified

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

Correct Answer
verified

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH⁻.

Correct Answer
verified

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following can be associated with hypernatremia?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Correct Answer
verified

A person usually drinks about ________ milliliters a day.

Correct Answer
verified

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

Correct Answer
verified

A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following examples has a low water content?

Correct Answer
verified

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.

Correct Answer
verified

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Correct Answer
verified

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and ________ ducts.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl) are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hyperventilation leads to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A doctor is trying to help a woman get rid of arsenic found in her system. One way to do this is to force it to be excreted quickly in the urine. To promote this, the doctor should give her

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH⁻.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following can be associated with hypernatremia?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A person usually drinks about ________ milliliters a day.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following examples has a low water content?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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