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On the phone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items


A) at the beginning of the list.
B) at the end of the list.
C) in the middle of the list.
D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?


A) recognition
B) recall
C) relearning
D) rehearsal

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Although Maria can encode and consciously recall new information, she is unable to consciously recall events that happened prior to the brain damage that she suffered as an adolescent. Maria's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates


A) retrograde amnesia.
B) proactive interference.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) retroactive interference.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Research reports of repression and recovered memories indicate that


A) people rarely recall memories of long-forgotten events.
B) most extremely traumatic life experiences are never encoded in long-term memory.
C) only those memories recovered with the help of a professional psychotherapist are likely to be reliable.
D) extremely stressful life experiences are especially likely to be well remembered.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants. This study finds that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.


A) long-term
B) mood-congruent
C) short-term
D) flashbulb

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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When Tony is in a bad mood, he interprets his parents' comments as criticisms. When he's in a good mood, he interprets the same types of parental comments as helpful suggestions. This best illustrates that our emotional states influence the process of


A) source amnesia.
B) encoding.
C) repression.
D) retrieval.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him. According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates


A) repression.
B) proactive interference.
C) retroactive interference.
D) the spacing effect.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates


A) implicit memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) source amnesia.
D) mood-congruent memory.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of


A) recall.
B) recognition.
C) reconstruction.
D) relearning.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that


A) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood sexual abuse.
B) we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive events.
C) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.
D) professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.


A) implicit
B) sensory
C) procedural
D) flashbulb

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.


A) recall; recognition
B) rehearsal; relearning
C) interference; repression
D) encoding; storage

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.


A) short-term memory; long-term memory
B) explicit memory; implicit memory
C) visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
D) shallow processing; deep processing

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of


A) chunking.
B) encoding.
C) amnesia.
D) long-term potentiation.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of


A) the serial position effect.
B) chunking.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of


A) chunking.
B) the spacing effect.
C) the serial position effect.
D) automatic processing.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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We are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. This illustrates


A) source misattribution.
B) imagination inflation.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) context-dependent memory.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful memories of instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates


A) source misattribution.
B) retroactive interference.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the misinformation effect.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing


A) source amnesia.
B) iconic memories.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) flashbulb memories.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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The cerebellum and basal ganglia play an important role in the processing of ________ memories.


A) explicit
B) iconic
C) implicit
D) echoic

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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